Warriors of the Cloisters (ebook)

Argumento de Warriors of the Cloisters (ebook)

Warriors of the Cloisters tells how key cultural innovations from Central Asia revolutionized medieval Europe and gave rise to the culture of science in the West. Medieval scholars rarely performed scientific experiments, but instead contested issues in natural science, philosophy, and theology using the recursive argument method. This highly distinctive and unusual method of disputation was a core feature of medieval science, the predecessor of modern science. We know that the foundations of science were imported to Western Europe from the Islamic world, but until now the origins of such key elements of Islamic culture have been a mystery.

In this provocative book, Christopher I. Beckwith traces how the recursive argument method was first developed by Buddhist scholars and was spread by them throughout ancient Central Asia. He shows how the method was adopted by Islamic Central Asian natural philosophers--most importantly by Avicenna, one of the most brilliant of all medieval thinkers--and transmitted to the West when Avicenna's works were translated into Latin in Spain in the twelfth century by the Jewish philosopher Ibn Da'ud and others. During the same period the institution of the college was also borrowed from the Islamic world. The college was where most of the disputations were held, and became the most important component of medieval Europe's newly formed universities. As Beckwith demonstrates, the Islamic college also originated in Buddhist Central Asia.

Using in-depth analysis of ancient Buddhist, Classical Arabic, and Medieval Latin writings, Warriors of the Cloisters transforms our understanding of the origins of medieval scientific culture.

"[T]his is a major work of great significance."--Jeremy Black, European Review of History

"To follow Beckwith is an enjoyable journey through many countries, civilizations, cultures and religions. This book is well worth reading for those who are interested in the spread of ideas and the interweaving of cultures, ideas and beliefs."--John Bowman, Middle Way0Preface ix
Acknowledgments xv
Abbreviations and Transcription of Foreign Languages xvii

Chapter One
Introduction 1

Chapter Two
The Recursive Argument Method of Medieval Science 11

Chapter Three
From College and Universitas to University 37

Chapter Four
Buddhist Central Asian Invention of the Method 50

Chapter Five
Islamization in Classical Arabic Central Asia 76

Chapter Six
Transmission to Medieval Western Europe 100

Chapter Seven
India, Tibet, China, Byzantium, and Other Control Cases 121

Chapter Eight
Conclusion 147

Appendix A: On the Latin Translations of Avicenna's Works 167
Appendix B: On Peter of Poitiers 171
Appendix C: The Charter of the Collège des Dix-huit 186
References 187
Index 199