The Free-market Innovation Machine (ebook)

Argumento de The Free-market Innovation Machine (ebook)

Why has capitalism produced economic growth that so vastly dwarfs the growth record of other economic systems, past and present? Why have living standards in countries from America to Germany to Japan risen exponentially over the past century? William Baumol rejects the conventional view that capitalism benefits society through price competition--that is, products and services become less costly as firms vie for consumers. Where most others have seen this as the driving force behind growth, he sees something different--a compound of systematic innovation activity within the firm, an arms race in which no firm in an innovating industry dares to fall behind the others in new products and processes, and inter-firm collaboration in the creation and use of innovations.

While giving price competition due credit, Baumol stresses that large firms use innovation as a prime competitive weapon. However, as he explains it, firms do not wish to risk too much innovation, because it is costly, and can be made obsolete by rival innovation. So firms have split the difference through the sale of technology licenses and participation in technology-sharing compacts that pay huge dividends to the economy as a whole--and thereby made innovation a routine feature of economic life. This process, in Baumol's view, accounts for the unparalleled growth of modern capitalist economies. Drawing on extensive research and years of consulting work for many large global firms, Baumol shows in this original work that the capitalist growth process, at least in societies where the rule of law prevails, comes far closer to the requirements of economic efficiency than is typically understood.

Resounding with rare intellectual force, this book marks a milestone in the comprehension of the accomplishments of our free-market economic system--a new understanding that, suggests the author, promises to benefit many countries that lack the advantages of this immense innovation machine.

"A good book and a valuable book by an author whose experience, wisdom, and analytical ability make his thoughts automatically important."--Robert M. Solow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987 Nobel Laureate in Economic Sciences

"Well written and well organized, this book provides an overriding vision of the economic process, in particular, the strange sense in which competition coexists with what might be termed a cooperative process of learning. It is likely to be an important stimulus to research."--Kenneth J. Arrow, Stanford University, 1972 Nobel Laureate in Economic Sciences

"Over the past 50 years, William Baumol has made groundbreaking contributions to a wide range of economic fields, including antitrust, the study of productivity, and the nature of growth. . . . At 80, and still going strong, he is among the last working members of the great generation of post-World War II economists."--Business Week

"The book could not be more timely."--David Propson, New York Law Journal

"Mr. Baumol's contribution is not to emphasize the impact of innovation but to pinpoint how competition forces companies to make innovation routine. . . . The traditional analysis . . . says that capitalism blunders at generating innovation over the long run. Mr. Baumol . . . reverses this presumption. . . . [He] tells a tale rich in details about the market's use of collaboration to overcome problems of innovation. Along the way he turns standard analysis upside down."--Michael M. Weinstein, New York Times

"Professor Baumol is a giant in the field of economics. . . . This book displays both his prodigious intellect and the sweep of his scholarship. . . . [T]his is an important book."--Ashish Arora, Journal of Technology Transfer

"For managers looking for a big picture view, this is a useful account. And while it deflates the romantic view of the maverick innovative company, the book justly celebrates the positive results of this routinized 'innovation machine'--the unprecedented growth rates we've had under capitalism."--Harvard Business Review

"In this fine volume [Baumol] challenges readers to rethink entirely the conventional wisdom concerning the nature and benefits of the capitalist (or free market) system. . . . [It is] readable, challenging, stimulating."--Choice

"An important new book."--David Crane, Toronto Star

"A brilliant book. . . . What makes capitalism uniquely successful is the built-in pressure to generate new products and processes. Provided companies are forced to compete, the market will find a way to generate and diffuse an unending stream of innovations."--Martin Wolf, Financial Times

Honorable Mention for the 2003 Award for Best Professional/Scholarly Book in Economics, Association of American Publishers0Preface vii
CHAPTER 1: Introduction: The Engine of Free-Market Growth 1
PART I: THE CAPITALIST GROWTH MECHANISM
CHAPTER 2: The "Somewhat Optimal" Attributes of Capitalist Growth: Oligopolistic Competition and Routinization of Innovation 19
CHAPTER 3: Oligopolistic Rivalry and Routinization to Reduce Uncertainty 30
CHAPTER 4: Oligopolistic Rivalry and Routine Innovation Spending: Theory of the Engine of Unprecedented Capitalist Growth 43
CHAPTER 5: Independent Innovation in History: Productive Entrepreneurship and the Rule of Law 55
CHAPTER 6: Voluntary Dissemination of Proprietary Technology: Private Profit, Social Gain 73
CHAPTER 7: Oligopolistic Rivalry and Markets for Technology Trading 93
CHAPTER 8: Tradeoff: Innovation Incentives versus Benefits to Others (Distributive Externalities) 120
PART II: INTEGRATION OF INNOVATION INTO THE MAINSTREAM OF MICROTHEORY
CHAPTER 9: Oligopolistic Competition, Pricing, and Recoupment of Innovation Outlays 151
CHAPTER 10: Microeconomic Theory of Industrial Organization in the "Innovation-Machine" Economy 161
CHAPTER 11: Recouping Innovation Outlays and Pricing Its Products: Continued 183
CHAPTER 12: Models of Optimal Timing of Innovation 199
CHAPTER 13: Licensing for Profit: Efficiency Implications 215
PART III: ON THE MACRODYNAMICS OF CAPITALISM
CHAPTER 14: Capitalism's Unique Innovation Machine: Historical Evidence 245
CHAPTER 15: Macroeconomic Models and Relationships That May Limit Growth 262
CHAPTER 16: Feedback: Innovation as a Self-Nourishing Process 284
Bibliography 299
Index 307