Diplomacy of Conscience (ebook)

Argumento de Diplomacy of Conscience (ebook)

A small group founded Amnesty International in 1961 to translate human rights principles into action. Diplomacy of Conscience provides a rich account of how the organization pioneered a combination of popular pressure and expert knowledge to advance global human rights. To an extent unmatched by predecessors and copied by successors, Amnesty International has employed worldwide publicity campaigns based on fact-finding and moral pressure to urge governments to improve human rights practices. Less well known is Amnesty International's significant impact on international law. It has helped forge the international community's repertoire of official responses to the most severe human rights violations, supplementing moral concern with expertise and conceptual vision.

Diplomacy of Conscience traces Amnesty International's efforts to strengthen both popular human rights awareness and international law against torture, disappearances, and political killings. Drawing on primary interviews and archival research, Ann Marie Clark posits that Amnesty International's strenuously cultivated objectivity gave the group political independence and allowed it to be critical of all governments violating human rights. Its capacity to investigate abuses and interpret them according to international standards helped it foster consistency and coherence in new human rights law.

Generalizing from this study, Clark builds a theory of the autonomous role of nongovernmental actors in the emergence of international norms pitting moral imperatives against state sovereignty. Her work is of substantial historical and theoretical relevance to those interested in how norms take shape in international society, as well as anyone studying the increasing visibility of nongovernmental organizations on the international scene.

"Diplomacy of Conscience is a valuable book. By examining specific aspects of Amnesty International's widespread research and advocacy work, it goes well beyond the few shallow and dated studies of this critically important NGO."--Claude Welch, State University of New York, Buffalo

"This book makes an important and timely contribution to the growing literature on the role of non-state actors on international relations. Clark's research also fills in an important gap in the history of Amnesty International. This book shows, really for the first time, how the human rights paradigm evolves, in particular, how governments have responded to the pressure of 'moral shaming' produced by human rights NGOs by developing new techniques of repression, and how the human rights movement has responded in turn by enlarging and articulating the 'normative web' of international human rights laws. This dialectical struggle between the powerful and the allies of the oppressed continues to the present day. Clark's work revealing how it is done can be put to good use."--Morton Winston, The College of New Jersey0LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi
CHAPTER ONE Amnesty International in International Politics 3
CHAPTER TWO How Norms Grow 21
CHAPTER THREE Torture 37
CHAPTER FOUR Disappearances 70
CHAPTER FIVE Extrajudicial Executions 101
CHAPTER SIX NGOs and Norms in International Politics 124
APPENDIX: Interviews 143
NOTES 145
BIBLIOGRAPHY 169
INDEX 177