Argumento de Aktionsart and Bulgarian Verbal Aspect
About the book: Imagine you had been lucky to taste mojito at La Bodeguita del Medio, in La Habana, where Hemingway wrote on the wall: My mojito in La Bodeguita, my daiquiri in El Floridita . Back home, you try to make the famous cocktail. You mix lime with sugar, add some ounces of rum and taste it: bitter. Add some sugar. Taste it again: too sweet. Add crushed ice: too watery. Add some spearmint: a different flavour, but still watery. Add some rum. Taste it again: a sense of strange and pleasant feeling of drunkenness is emerging. The process is becoming captivating and exhilarating. A Bulgarian verb is build up in a similar way. You take a root, let s say PIIA drink , and add a prefix na-. The new verb napiia means get drunk. Add a different prefix, iz-, to the root and you get a verb meaning drain the cup. Add two prefixes, po- and raz-, and the result is begin to drink a little. Insert a suffix -n- into the root and the original drink becomes drink once / drink a bit. Want to create a sense of if moderate anything is good ? Add a prefix po- and a suffix - va - to the root and the original verb becomes popiivam drink moderately" (that s how I see it). You place a Bulgarian verb in Aktionsart and all you get is: drink Activity verb. Pure and simple. And flavourless. Whether to drink sophisticated cocktails or stay with Yo ho ho and a bottle of rum is a matter of preference. The same with words. About the author: Anelia Stefanova Ignatova, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Linguistics Applied to Science and Technology, at the Polytechnic University of Madrid, Spain.01 An overview of Role and Reference Grammar 13 1.1 A structural-functionalist theory of grammar 13 1.2 Semantic representation of the clause 17 1.2.1 Lexical representation of verbs and other predicating elements 21 1.2.2 Semantic interpretation of an argument 24 1.3 Syntactic representation of the clause 32 1.3.1 The layered structure of the clause 33 1.3.2 Operators 41 1.3.3 Syntactic templates and grammatical relations 43 1.3.4 Grammatical relations 44 1.4 Linking 47 2 Bulgarian Aspect 51 2.1 The verb categories 51 2.2 Definition of vid na glagola (aspect) 55 2.2.1 Terminology 61 2.2.2 Morpho-syntactic properties of complete and incomplete verbs 63 2.3 Verb morphology 68 2.3.1 The aspectual significance of the verbal stem 68 2.3.2 Prefixes 69 2.3.3 Modes of action 70 2.3.4 The perfectivizing function of prefixes 76 2.3.5 Suffixes 78 2.4 Various approaches to aspect and Aktionsart 84 2.4.1 Aspect diagnostic 93 3 Bulgarian aspect within RRG 95 3.1 Aspect diagnostic 95 3.2 A Class of verbs: unprefixed, incomplete 97 3.3 State verbs 98 3.3.1 Identificational LSs and attributive LSs 102 3.3.2 First stage of prefixation (effective and effective- communicative modes of action) 103 3.3.3 First stage of prefixation(iterative-attenuative mode) 107 3.3.4 From interclausal to clausal relationships 108 3.3.5 Result state constructions 114 3.3.6 Two-place state predicates 117 3.4 Activity verbs 122 3.4.1 Evolutive mode of action 130 3.4.2The nature of the second argument of activity verbs131 3.5 B 1 Class of verbs: unprefixed, complete 136 3.6 Accomplishment and Achievement verbs 137 3.7 B2 Class of verbs: unprefixed, suffixed, incomplete,derived from B1 Class 141 3.8 C1 Class of verbs: prefixed, complete 142 3.8.1 Second stage of semantic loading 143 3.8.1.1 Ingressive meaning 143 3.8.1.2 Resultative meaning 145 3.8.1.3 Semelfactive meaning 147 3.8.2 Empty prefixes 148 3.9 C2 Class of verbs: prefixed, suffixed, incomplete 154 3.9.1 Achievement verbs 156 3.9.1.1 Ingressive encodes instantaneous changes 159 3.10 D1Class of verbs and D2 Class of verbs: the suffix -n - a Semelfactive suffix 160 4 Conclusions 171 4.1 Derivations 171 4.2 Logical Structures and the Aspect Operator 174 4.3 Grammatically relevant conclusions 176 4.4 Aspectual classes versus Aktionsart 176 4.4.1The notion of completeness/incompleteness of an action 181 4.4.2 Interrelatedness of aspect with other grammatical categories 184 Bibliography 187
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