Argumento de Safety and Security on Passenger Ships
A crisis is any situation originated by a threat from which serious damages or loss of lives, goods, interests or image may be produced. Any rupture of routine activities on the ship may unleash a crisis situation, independently of the actual nature or seriousness of the initial situation. Vulnerability refers to the extent to which the preventative and security actions established in the ship safety scheme may be invalid in the face of threats and risks, both for the system and for the organisational aspects that may remain. To a large extent, crisis situations related to maritime accidents (fire aboard, stranding, water ingress, etc.) are well known to seafarers, while aspects included within the concept of security have not been addressed as certain recent occurrences would demand. The present publication addresses human factor influence, negotiation between opposing grounds, procedures to face crisis situations and methods for controlling masses when seized by shock or panic.0Prologue 1 Introduction 1.1 General aspects 1.2 Structure 2 Illegal acts 2.1 Piracy 2.2 Terrorism 2.3 Other forms of criminal violence at sea (security) 3 Crime 3.1 Crime 3.2 Age and crime 3.3 Alcohol and drugs 3.4 Female delinquency 3.5 Socialisation 3.6 Identification of suspects 4 Vandalism 4.1 Acts of vandalism 4.2 Urban tribes 5 The vulnerability of ships 5.1 Prevention and protection 5.2 Threats and risks 5.3 Vulnerability 5.4 Risks 5.6 Attacks on a ship from the outside 5.7 Attacks from within the ship itself 5.8 Counter terrorist measures72 5.9 Structural layout of the ship 5.10 Preventive measures on board 5.11 Conclusions 6 Protecting the ship 6.1 General 6.2 The information plan 6.3 Protection 6.4 Exterior protection 6.5 Procedure 6.6 Centralisation concept 7 Means of protection 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Criteria for choice 7.3 Passive technical measures 7.4 Capacity 7.5 Active technical measures: electronic security 7.6 Alarm systems.
Security equipment 7.7 Closed circuit television 7.8 Communication systems 7.9 Alarm centre.
Control and alarm centre 7.10 Other control systems 7.11 Alarm reaction procedure 8 Security Management 8.1 Definitions 8.2 The general process 8.3 The comprehensive security system 8.4 Security theory 8.5 Guide to creating a security plan 9 Public safety 9.1 State security forces and bodies 9.2 Public safety.
Public order 9.3 Responsibilities, duties and limitations of the State Security Forces 9.4 Private security 9.5 The work of the International Maritime Organisation 9.6 United States Maritime and Port Security Act (1986) 9.7 Warnings to travellers 9.8 Aviation Security Improvement Act (1991) 9.9 The Coast Guard 9.10 The United Kingdom Aviation and Maritime Security Act (1990) 9.11 The maritime police model 9.12 Crew control department 9.13 Port Authorities 9.14 Merchant Navy Command and the Spanish Marine Safety and Pollution Agency 10 The human factor as the cause of a crisis 10.1 Personality 10.2 Medical profiles for human response 10.3 Occupational stress 10.4 Handling and prevention 10.5 Intoxication from alcohol or drugs 10.6 Panic and its effects.
Fear and anxiety 10.7 Aggression 10.8 Conclusions 11 Investigation procedures 11.1 Protection procedures 11.2 Definitions of proof/evidence, trace and clues 11.3 Search procedures 11.4 Transfer theory 11.5 Signs of violence on things 11.6 Blood stains 11.7 Collection procedures 11.8 Creating plans and sketches 11.9 Documents reporting illegal acts 12 Negotiation 12.1 Leadership as a form of social relationship and of influence 12.2 Non-verbal communication 12.3 Gestures and postures 12.4 Personal space 12.5 Formal and informal communication channels 12.6 Verbal communication 12.7 Guidelines for the negotiation process 13 Principles for intervention in emergency situations 13.1 Intervention in incidents on board 13.2 Duties in an emergency situation 13.3 Emergency committee 13.4 External help 13.5 Control and alarm systems 13.6 Comprehensive security plans 13.7 Control systems 13.8 Alarm reaction procedure 13.9 Security checks 14 Bomb threats 14.1 Explosive device threats 14.2 The characteristics of an explosive 14.3 Classification of explosives 14.4 The effects of explosions 14.5 Intervention in cases of explosive device threats 14.6 Search and detection 14.7 Search areas 14.8 Search techniques 14.9 Detection of possible suspicious packages 14.10 Monitoring vehicles 15 Dealing with a crisis 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Planning 15.3 Aspects of crisis situations 15.4 Parameters which define and differentiate crisis situations 15.5 Analysis of the level of self-protection 15.6 Human behaviour under pressure 15.7 Shock and panic reactions 15.8 Simulations 15.9 Psychological aspects in stress situations 15.10 Factors which interfere in the consideration of the options 15.11 Communication and messages 16 Management of multitudes and masses 16.1 Conflictive group behaviour 16.2 Groups of people 16.3 Situations that cause panic 16.4 Factors in successful evacuations 16.5 Order and priority in evacuation 16.6 The psychology of masses 16.7 Control of peaceful multitudes 16.8 Controlled evacuation 16.9 Basic principle in a controlled evacuation 16.10 Procedure for evacuating people to a distant area 16.11 Attention for those evacuated and rescued in an emergency 17 Intervention in crisis situations 17.1 Current situation 17.2 Safety plans 17.3 Nautical emergencies considered in the organisation profile 17.4 Aspects of security considered in the Organisation Profile 17.5 Intervention in a crisis situation 17.6 The human factor in the intervention 17.7 Content and operational design of an intervention plan 17.8 Tactical design of an intervention plan (example) 18 Bibliography
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