Philosophy of Language (ebook)

Argumento de Philosophy of Language (ebook)

"[Philosophy of Language] covers an impressive number of controversies in philosophy of language. And it does that in a nontechnical way that is likely to prove attractive to many instructors in the field."--Choice

"[T]his is, in my view, a very valuable (though not at all introductory) overview, from a particular perspective, to be sure, of the trajectory on the philosophy of language from Frege to the present. . . . [I]t covers a remarkable amount of ground in a short space, both presenting and contributing to an important network of themes that have shaped the philosophical study of language in the analytic tradition."--Kirk Ludwig, Philosophia

"This is a masterpiece. Scott Soames's work on these topics defines orthodoxy in contemporary philosophy, and having that work distilled into a single volume is enormously valuable. The first half of the book also contains the best analysis and explication yet written of the past century of work in the philosophy of language. I'm looking forward to teaching the subject again just so I can use this book."--Jeff Speaks, University of Notre Dame

"This is a very fine overview of philosophy of language from the late nineteenth century to the present. It discusses all the important issues with great lucidity. The treatment of technical material so as to make it accessible to the uninitiated is masterful. In short, this is an absolutely first-rate book. I have no doubt that it will be very widely read."--Jeffrey King, Rutgers University0Acknowledgments ix
Introduction 1

PART ONE: A Century of Work in the Philosophy of Language
Chapter One: The Logical Study of Language 7
1.1 Gottlob Frege--Origins of the Modern Enterprise 7
1.11 Foundations of Philosophical Semantics 7
1.12 Frege's Distinction between Sense and Reference 8
1.13 The Compositionality of Sense and Reference 10
1.14 Frege's Hierarchy of Indirect Senses and Referents 13
1.15 The Semantic Importance of Frege's Platonist Epistemology 15
1.16 Potential Problems and Alternative Analyses 16
1.17 The Fregean Legacy 20
1.2 Bertrand Russell: Fundamental Themes 20
1.21 Quantification, Propositions, and Propositional Functions 20
1.22 Generalized Quantifiers 23
1.23 Denoting Phrases, Definite Descriptions, and Logical Form 24
1.24 Russell's Theory of Scope 26
1.25 Thought, Meaning, Acquaintance, and Logically Proper Names 28
1.26 Existence and Negative Existentials 30
Selected Further Reading 32

Chapter Two: Truth, Interpretation, and Meaning 33
2.1 The Importance of Tarski 33
2.11 Truth, Models, and Logical Consequence 33
2.12 The Significance of Tarski for the Philosophy
of Language 38
2.2 Rudolf Carnap's Embrace of Truth-Theoretic Semantics 41
2.3 The Semantic Approach of Donald Davidson 45
Selected Further Reading 49

Chapter Three: Meaning, Modality, and Possible Worlds Semantics 50
3.1 Kripke-Style Possible Worlds Semantics 50
3.2 Robert Stalnaker and David Lewis on Counterfactuals 56
3.3 The Montagovian Vision 63
Selected Further Reading 75

Chapter Four: Rigid Designation, Direct Reference, and Indexicality 77
4.1 Background 77
4.2 Kripke on Names, Natural Kind Terms, and Necessity 78
4.21 Rigid Designation, Essentialism, and Nonlinguistic Necessity 78
4.22 The Nondescriptive Semantics of Names 80
4.23 Natural Kind Terms 88
4.24 Kripke's Essentialist Route to the Necessary Aposteriori 91
4.3 Kaplan on Direct Reference and Indexicality 93
4.31 Significance: The Tension between Logic and Semantics 93
4.32 The Basic Structure of the Logic of Demonstratives 94
4.33 Direct Reference and Rigid Designation 97
4.34 'Dthat' and 'Actually' 99
4.35 English Demonstratives vs.'Dthat'-Rigidified Descriptions 100
4.36 Final Assessment 104
Selected Further Reading 105

PART TWO : New Directions
Chapter Five: The Metaphysics of Meaning: Propositions and Possible Worlds 109
5.1 Loci of Controversy 109
5.2 Propositions 111
5.21 Why We Need Them and Why Theories of Truth Conditions Can't Provide Them 111
5.22 Why Traditional Propositions Won't Do 113
5.23 Toward a Naturalistic Theory of Propositions 116
5.231 The Deflationary Approach 117
5.232 The Cognitive-Realist Approach 121
5.3 Possible World-States 123
5.31 How to Understand Possible World-States 123
5.32 The Relationship between Modal and Nonmodal Truths 126
5.33 Our Knowledge of World-States 126
5.34 Existent and Nonexistent World-States 128
5.35 The Function of World-States in Our Theories 129
Selected Further Reading 130

Chapter Six: Apriority, Aposteriority, and Actuality 131
6.1 Language, Philosophy, and the Modalities 131
6.2 Apriority and Actuality 132
6.21 Apriori Knowledge of the Truth of Aposteriori Propositions at the Actual World-State 132
6.22 The Contingent Apriori and the Apriori Equivalence of P and the Proposition That P Is True at @ 134
6.23 Why Apriority Isn't Closed under Apriori
Consequence: Two Ways of Knowing @ 135
6.24 Apriori Truths That Are Known Only Aposteriori 136
6.25 Apriority and Epistemic Possibility 137
6.26 Are Singular Thoughts Instances of the Contingent Apriori? 140
6.3 'Actually' 142
Selected Further Reading 143

Chapter Seven: The Limits of Meaning 145
7.1 The Traditional Conception of Meaning, Thought, Assertion, and Implicature 145
7.2 Challenges to the Traditional Conception 147
7.21 Demonstratives: A Revision of Kaplan 147
7.22 Incomplete Descriptions, Quantifiers, and Context 151
7.23 Pragmatic Enrichment and Incomplete Semantic Contents 155
7.231 Implicature, Impliciture, and Assertion 155
7.232 Pervasive Incompleteness? Possessives, Compound Nominals, and Temporal Modification 158
7.3 A New Conception of the Relationship between Meaning, Thought, Assertion, and Implicature 163
7.31 The Guiding Principle 163
7.32 Demonstratives and Incomplete Descriptions Revisited 164
7.33 Names and Propositional Attitudes 168
7.4 What Is Meaning? The Distinction between Semantics and Pragmatics 171

Selected Further Reading 173
References 175
Index 187