This completely revised and updated graduate-level textbook is an ideal introduction to gauge theories and their applications to high-energy particle physics, and takes an in-depth look at two new laws of nature--quantum chromodynamics and the electroweak theory. From quantum electrodynamics through unified theories of the interactions among leptons and quarks, Chris Quigg examines the logic and structure behind gauge theories and the experimental underpinnings of today's theories. Quigg emphasizes how we know what we know, and in the era of the Large Hadron Collider, his insightful survey of the standard model and the next great questions for particle physics makes for compelling reading.
The brand-new edition shows how the electroweak theory developed in conversation with experiment. Featuring a wide-ranging treatment of electroweak symmetry breaking, the physics of the Higgs boson, and the importance of the 1-TeV scale, the book moves beyond established knowledge and investigates the path toward unified theories of strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions. Explicit calculations and diverse exercises allow readers to derive the consequences of these theories. Extensive annotated bibliographies accompany each chapter, amplify points of conceptual or technical interest, introduce further applications, and lead readers to the research literature. Students and seasoned practitioners will profit from the text's current insights, and specialists wishing to understand gauge theories will find the book an ideal reference for self-study.
One Introduction 1
1.1 Elements of the Standard Model of Particle Physics 4
1.2 Leptons 6
1.3 Quarks 7
1.4 The Fundamental Interactions 15
Problems 18
For Further Reading 21
References 23
Two Lagrangian Formalism and Conservation Laws 25
2.1 Hamilton's Principle 26
2.2 Free Field Theory Examples 28
2.3 Symmetries and Conservation Laws 30
Problems 33
For Further Reading 35
References 37
Three The Idea of Gauge Invariance 38
3.1 Historical Preliminaries 38
3.2 Gauge Invariance in Classical Electrodynamics 40
3.3 Phase Invariance in Quantum Mechanics 42
3.4 Significance of Potentials in Quantum Theory 44
3.5 Phase Invariance in Field Theory 46
3.6 Feynman Rules for Electromagnetism 50
Problems 52
For Further Reading 53
References 56
Four Non-Abelian Gauge Theories 57
4.1 Motivation 57
4.2 Construction 58
4.3 Some Physical Consequences 63
4.4 Assessment 66
Problems 66
For Further Reading 69
References 70
Five Hidden Symmetries 71
5.1 The Idea of Spontaneously Broken Symmetries 72
5.2 Spontaneous Breaking of Continuous Symmetries 76
5.3 Spontaneous Breaking of a Gauge Symmetry 78
5.4 The Sigma Model 81
5.5 Spontaneous Breaking of a Non-Abelian Symmetry 86
5.6 Prospects 87
Problems 88
For Further Reading 91
References 94
Six Electroweak Interactions of Leptons 95
6.1 An Effective Lagrangian for the Weak Interactions 96
6.2 Intermediate Vector Bosons: A First Look 110
6.3 The Standard Electroweak Theory of Leptons 120
6.4 Neutral-Current Interactions among Leptons 135
6.5 The Higgs Boson: A First Look 146
6.6 The Higgs Boson, Asymptotic Behavior, and the 1-TeV Scale 151
6.7 Neutrino Mixing and Neutrino Mass 156
6.8 Renormalizability of the Theory 166
6.9 Interim Assessment 170
Problems 171
For Further Reading 177
References 183
Seven Electroweak Interactions of Quarks 187
7.1 The Standard Electroweak Theory: Preliminaries 188
7.2 Electroweak Gauge Bosons 194
7.3 Electron-Positron Annihilations 198
7.4 Deeply Inelastic Lepton-Hadron Scattering 205
7.5 Hadron-Hadron Interactions 223
7.6 Further Tests of the Electroweak Theory 229
7.7 A Brief Look at Quantum Corrections 231
7.8 The Scale of Fermion Masses 236
7.9 Search for the Higgs Boson 237
7.10 Incompleteness of the Electroweak Theory 241
7.11 The Hierarchy Problem 244
7.12 The Vacuum Energy Problem 246
7.13 Reflections 247
Problems 249
For Further Reading 258
References 263
Eight Strong Interactions among Quarks 269
8.1 A Color Gauge Theory 270
8.2 Charge Renormalization in Electrodynamics 281
8.3 The Running Coupling Constant in QCD 294
8.4 Perturbative QCD: A First Example 303
8.5 QCD Corrections to Deeply Inelastic Scattering 308
8.6 Jets in Hadron-Hadron Collisions 325
8.7 Two-Photon Processes and the Photon-Structure Function 328
8.8 Color Confinement 336
8.9 QCD-induced Electroweak Symmetry Breaking 341
8.10 The 1/N Expansion 345
8.11 Strong-Interaction Symmetries 352
8.12 Assessment 356
Problems 358
For Further Reading 369
References 381
Nine Unified Theories 387
9.1 Why Unify? 389
9.2 The SU(5) Model 391
9.3 Coupling-Constant Unification 402
9.4 Nucleon Decay 408
9.5 The Baryon Number of the Universe 410
9.6 The Problem of Fermion Masses 414
9.7 Assessment 416
Problems 418
For Further Reading 423
References 427
Epilogue 430
Appendix A Notations and Conventions 433
A.1 Four-Vectors and Scalar Product 433
A.2 Dirac Matrices 434
A.3 Trace Theorems and Tensor Contractions 436
A.4 Dirac Equation and Dirac Spinors 437
A.5 Color Algebra 440
A.6 Weyl-van der Waerden Spinors 444
References 445
Appendix B Observables and Feynman Rules 447
B.1 Phase-Space Formulas: Decay Rates and Cross Sections 447
B.2 Feynman Rules: Generalities 448
B.3 Feynman Integrals 450
B.4 Regularization Procedures 452
B.5 Feynman Rules: Electrodynamics 453
For Further Reading 454
References 456
Appendix C Physical Constants 457
For Further Reading 457
Author Index 459
Subject Index 475
Esther y su Mundo 01
Diablo Iii: la Orden
Diccionario de Onomatopeyas del Cómic
El Despertar