Euler"s Gem (ebook)

Argumento de Euler"s Gem (ebook)

Leonhard Euler's polyhedron formula describes the structure of many objects--from soccer balls and gemstones to Buckminster Fuller's buildings and giant all-carbon molecules. Yet Euler's formula is so simple it can be explained to a child. Euler's Gem tells the illuminating story of this indispensable mathematical idea.

From ancient Greek geometry to today's cutting-edge research, Euler's Gem celebrates the discovery of Euler's beloved polyhedron formula and its far-reaching impact on topology, the study of shapes. In 1750, Euler observed that any polyhedron composed of V vertices, E edges, and F faces satisfies the equation V-E+F=2. David Richeson tells how the Greeks missed the formula entirely; how Descartes almost discovered it but fell short; how nineteenth-century mathematicians widened the formula's scope in ways that Euler never envisioned by adapting it for use with doughnut shapes, smooth surfaces, and higher dimensional shapes; and how twentieth-century mathematicians discovered that every shape has its own Euler's formula. Using wonderful examples and numerous illustrations, Richeson presents the formula's many elegant and unexpected applications, such as showing why there is always some windless spot on earth, how to measure the acreage of a tree farm by counting trees, and how many crayons are needed to color any map.

Filled with a who's who of brilliant mathematicians who questioned, refined, and contributed to a remarkable theorem's development, Euler's Gem will fascinate every mathematics enthusiast.

"Euler's Gem is a thoroughly satisfying meditation on one of mathematics' loveliest formulas. The author begins with Euler's act of seeing what no one previously had, and returns repeatedly to the resulting formula with ever more careful emendations and ever-widening points of view. This highly nuanced narrative sweeps the reader into the cascade of interlocking ideas which undergird modern topology and lend it its power and beauty."--Donal O'Shea, author of The Poincaré Conjecture: In Search of the Shape of the Universe

"Beginning with Euler's famous polyhedron formula, continuing to modern concepts of 'rubber geometry,' and advancing all the way to the proof of Poincaré's Conjecture, Richeson's well-written and well-illustrated book is a gentle tour de force of topology."--George G. Szpiro, author of Poincaré's Prize: The Hundred-Year Quest to Solve One of Math's Greatest Puzzles

"A fascinating and accessible excursion through two thousand years of mathematics. From Plato's Academy, via the bridges of Königsberg, to the world of knots, soccer balls, and geodesic domes, the author's enthusiasm shines through. This attractive introduction to the origins of topology deserves to be widely read."--Robin Wilson, author of Four Colors Suffice: How the Map Problem Was Solved

"Appealing and accessible to a general audience, this well-organized, well-supported, and well-written book contains vast amounts of information not found elsewhere. Euler's Gem is a significant and timely contribution to the field."--Edward Sandifer, Western Connecticut State University

"Euler's Gem is a very good book. It succeeds in explaining complicated concepts in engaging layman's terms. Richeson is keenly aware of where the difficult twists and turns are located, and he covers them to satisfaction. This book is engaging and a joy to read."--Alejandro López-Ortiz, University of Waterloo

"This is an excellent book about a great man and a timeless formula."--Charles Ashbacher, Journal of Recreational Mathematics

"The author has achieved a remarkable feat, introducing a naïve reader to a rich history without compromising the insights and without leaving out a delicious detail. Furthermore, he describes the development of topology from a suggestion by Gottfried Leibniz to its algebraic formulation by Emmy Noether, relating all to Euler's formula. This book will be valuable to every library with patrons looking for an awe-inspiring experience."--Choice

"I highly recommend this book for teachers interested in geometry or topology, particularly for university faculty. The examples, proofs, and historical anecdotes are interesting, informative, and useful for encouraging classroom discussions. Advanced students will also glimpse the broad horizons of mathematics by reading (and working through) the book."--Dustin L. Jones, Mathematics Teacher

"I found much more to like than to criticize in Euler's Gem. At its best, the book succeeds at showing the reader a lot of attractive mathematics with a well-chosen level of technical detail. I recommend it both to professional mathematicians and to their seatmates."--Jeremy L. Martin, Notices of the AMS

"The book is a pleasure to read for professional mathematicians, students of mathematicians or anyone with a general interest in mathematics."--European Mathematical Society Newsletter

"The book should interest non-mathematicians as well as mathematicians. It is written in a lively way, mathematical properties are explained well and several biographical details are included."--Krzysztof Ciesielski, Mathematical Reviews0Preface ix
Introduction 1
Chapter 1: Leonhard Euler and His Three "Great" Friends 10
Chapter 2: What Is a Polyhedron? 27
Chapter 3: The Five Perfect Bodies 31
Chapter 4: The Pythagorean Brotherhood and Plato's Atomic Theory 36
Chapter 5: Euclid and His Elements 44
Chapter 6: Kepler's Polyhedral Universe 51
Chapter 7: Euler's Gem 63
Chapter 8: Platonic Solids, Golf Balls, Fullerenes, and Geodesic Domes 75
Chapter 9: Scooped by Descartes? 81
Chapter 10: Legendre Gets It Right 87
Chapter 11: A Stroll through Königsberg 100
Chapter 12: Cauchy's Flattened Polyhedra 112
Chapter 13: Planar Graphs, Geoboards, and Brussels Sprouts 119
Chapter 14: It's a Colorful World 130
Chapter 15: New Problems and New Proofs 145
Chapter 16: Rubber Sheets, Hollow Doughnuts, and Crazy Bottles 156
Chapter 17: Are They the Same, or Are They Different? 173
Chapter 18: A Knotty Problem 186
Chapter 19: Combing the Hair on a Coconut 202
Chapter 20: When Topology Controls Geometry 219
Chapter 21: The Topology of Curvy Surfaces 231
Chapter 22: Navigating in n Dimensions 241
Chapter 23: Henri Poincaré and the Ascendance of Topology 253
Epilogue The Million-Dollar Question 265
Acknowledgements 271
Appendix A Build Your Own Polyhedra and Surfaces 273
Appendix B Recommended Readings 283
Notes 287
References 295
Illustration Credits 309
Index 311