Elliptic Tales (ebook)

Argumento de Elliptic Tales (ebook)

"Ash and Gross thoroughly explain the statement and significance of the linchpin Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjection. . . . [A]sh and Gross deliver ample and current intellectual and technical substance."--Choice

"The authors present their discussion in an informal, sometimes playful manner and with detail that will appeal to an audience with a basic understanding of calculus. This book will captivate math enthusiasts as well as readers curious about an intriguing and still unanswered question."--Margaret Dominy, Library Journal

"[T]his book is a wonderful introduction to what is arguably one of the most important mathematical problems of our time and for that reason alone it deserves to be widely read. Another reason to recommend this book is the opportunity to share in the readily apparent joy the authors have for their subject and the beauty they see in it, not least because . . . joy and beauty are the most important reasons for doing mathematics, irrespective of its dollar value."--Rob Ashmore, Mathematics Today

"The book's most important contributions . . . are the sense of discovery, invention, and insight into the habits of mind used by mathematicians on this journey. I would recommend this book to anyone who wants to be challenged mathematically or who wants to experience mathematics as creative and exciting."--Jacqueline Coomes, Mathematics Teacher

"Assuming only what every mathematically inclined freshman should know, this book leads the reader to an understanding of one of the most important conjectures in current number theory--whose proof is one of the Clay Mathematics Institute's million-dollar prize problems. The book is carefully and clearly written, and can be recommended without hesitation."--Peter Swinnerton-Dyer, University of Cambridge

"The Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture is one of the great insights in number theory from the twentieth century, and Ash and Gross write with care and a clear love of the subject. Elliptic Tales will have wide appeal."--Peter Sarnak, Princeton University

"The book is very pleasantly written, and in my opinion, the authors have done an admirable job in giving an idea to non-experts what the Birch-Swinnerton Dyer conjecture is about."--Jan-Hendrik Evertse, Zentralblatt MATH

"The authors of Elliptic Tales do a superb job in demonstrating the approach that mathematicians take when they confront unsolved problems involving elliptic curves."--Sungkon Chang, Times Higher Education

"I would envision this book as an excellent text for an undergraduate 'capstone' course in mathematics; the book lends itself to independent reading, but topics may be explored in much greater depth and rigor in the classroom. Additionally, the book indeed brings together ideas from calculus, complex variables and algebra, showing how a single mathematical research question may require an integrated understanding of the various branches of mathematics. Thus, it encourages students to reinforce their understanding of these various fields, while simultaneously introducing them to an open question in mathematics and a vibrant field of study."--Lisa A. Berger, Mathematical Reviews Clippings

"This book has many nice aspects. Ash and Gross give a truly stimulating introduction to elliptic curves and the BSD conjecture for undergraduate students. The main achievement is to make a relative easy exposition of these so technical topics."--Jonathan Sanchez-Hernandez, Mathematical Society

"One cannot help being impressed, in reading the book and pursuing a few of the references, by the magnitude of the enterprise it chronicles."--James Case, SIAM News

"Minimal prerequisites and its clear writing make this book (which even has a few exercises) a great choice for a seminar for mathematics majors, who at some point should have such an excursion to one of the frontiers of mathematics."--Mathematics Magazine

Avner Ash is professor of mathematics at Boston College. Robert Gross is associate professor of mathematics at Boston College. They are the coauthors of Fearless Symmetry: Exposing the Hidden Patterns of Numbers (Princeton).0Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xix
Prologue 1

PART I. DEGREE

Chapter 1. Degree of a Curve 13
1.Greek Mathematics 13
2.Degree 14
3.Parametric Equations 20
4.Our Two Definitions of Degree Clash 23

Chapter 2. Algebraic Closures 26
1.Square Roots of Minus One 26
2.Complex Arithmetic 28
3.Rings and Fields 30
4.Complex Numbers and Solving Equations 32
5.Congruences 34
6.Arithmetic Modulo a Prime 38
7.Algebraic Closure 38

Chapter 3. The Projective Plane 42
1.Points at Infinity 42
2.Projective Coordinates on a Line 46
3.Projective Coordinates on a Plane 50
4.Algebraic Curves and Points at Infinity 54
5.Homogenization of Projective Curves 56
6.Coordinate Patches 61

Chapter 4. Multiplicities and Degree 67
1.Curves as Varieties 67
2.Multiplicities 69
3.Intersection Multiplicities 72
4.Calculus for Dummies 76

Chapter 5. B?ezout?s Theorem 82
1.A Sketch of the Proof 82
2.An Illuminating Example 88

PART II. ELLIPTIC CURVES AND ALGEBRA

Chapter 6. Transition to Elliptic Curves 95

Chapter 7. Abelian Groups 100
1.How Big Is Infinity? 100
2.What Is an Abelian Group? 101
3.Generations 103
4.Torsion 106
5.Pulling Rank 108
Appendix: An Interesting Example of Rank and Torsion 110

Chapter 8. Nonsingular Cubic Equations 116
1.The Group Law 116
2.Transformations 119
3.The Discriminant 121
4.Algebraic Details of the Group Law 122
5.Numerical Examples 125
6.Topology 127
7.Other Important Facts about Elliptic Curves 131
5.Two Numerical Examples 133

Chapter 9. Singular Cubics 135
1.The Singular Point and the Group Law 135
2.The Coordinates of the Singular Point 136
3.Additive Reduction 137
4.Split Multiplicative Reduction 139
5.Nonsplit Multiplicative Reduction 141
6.Counting Points 145
7.Conclusion 146
Appendix A: Changing the Coordinates of the Singular Point 146
Appendix B: Additive Reduction in Detail 147
Appendix C: Split Multiplicative Reduction in Detail 149
Appendix D: Nonsplit Multiplicative Reduction in Detail 150

Chapter 10. Elliptic Curves over Q 152
1.The Basic Structure of the Group 152
2.Torsion Points 153
3.Points of Infinite Order 155
4.Examples 156

PART III. ELLIPTIC CURVES AND ANALYSIS

Chapter 11. Building Functions 161
1.Generating Functions 161
2.Dirichlet Series 167
3.The Riemann Zeta-Function 169
4.Functional Equations 171
5.Euler Products 174
6.Build Your Own Zeta-Function 176

Chapter 12. Analytic Continuation 181
1.A Difference that Makes a Difference 181
2.Taylor Made 185
3.Analytic Functions 187
4.Analytic Continuation 192
5.Zeroes, Poles, and the Leading Coefficient 196

Chapter 13. L-functions 199
1.A Fertile Idea 199
2.The Hasse-Weil Zeta-Function 200
3.The L-Function of a Curve 205
4.The L-Function of an Elliptic Curve 207
5.Other L-Functions 212

Chapter 14. Surprising Properties of L-functions 215
1.Compare and Contrast 215
2.Analytic Continuation 220
3.Functional Equation 221

Chapter 15. The Conjecture of Birch and
Swinnerton-Dyer 225
1.How Big Is Big? 225
2.Influences of the Rank on the Np?s 228
3.How Small Is Zero? 232
4.The BSD Conjecture 236
5.Computational Evidence for BSD 238
6.The Congruent Number Problem 240
Epilogue 245
Retrospect 245
Where DoWe Go from Here? 247

Bibliography 249
Index 251